Breach of Contract and Remedies Essay

For the injured party within a breached contract to claim for remedies whether it was agreed on at the time of writing the contract or an decided at a later time, both the injured party and the other party (e.g. a business and a customer) will have to go to court to decide what kind of remedy will occur to the injured party fairly to the proportion to the damaged done. Courts There would be cases where without the courts present when there has been a breach of contract, injured party may claim more than the total damaged done or may receive insufficient amount compared to the damaged occurred. To avoid this, the case will be given in court to ensure that based on the breach of contract and the damaged occurred it could be an unbiased solution and done fairly up to satisfactory. Depending on the type of cases of the breached contract, there are three main civil courts where both parties can hear their cases which are the Small Claims court, the County Court and the High Court. For example if T-Mobile and a customer where in a dispute of the breach of contract, they would apply for a court hearing where the case will give to a judge who will be a case manager for T-Mobile and the customer. Depending on the seriousness and the remedy or the amount the injured party can claim, the case manager will allocate and place the case to the appropriate court to carry out this case. If the dispute were between T-Mobile and an individual customer may be assigned to Small Court as they deal with small claims cases. If the dispute was with T-Mobile and a business, it may be assigned to a County Court as the claims would be higher than Small Courts. If it was with T-Mobile and a multi-million business or a manufacturer / supplier, it may be assigned to a High Court where complex cases are looked into. At the time of breach of contract, whether there has been a remedy within the contract agreed upon or not, the injured party will be able to take this case to court to be able get a better remedy sentenced given by the Judge from T-Mobile. When there is a breach of contract, the injured party will be compensated for the damaged caused. Small claims court Out of the three types of court, Small Claim is smaller and is part of the County Court. The Small Claim court will usually deal with smaller or less important claims which include contractual and business disputes. The business that usually goes to the Small Claim courts are to claim from failure for supplying goods and services that does not exceed or go above  £5,000. As these types of claims are usually common, it will be easy for the judge to make a clear decision simply based on the case put forward without the need of seeing the documents. As it is clear for decision to be finalised only legal advice may be given but not encouraged to have representative present in court. Also payment for legal help is not allowed, this could be because the Small Claim court will have a quick and efficient case being closed which means that it could reduce the parties cost in court. For example, if there were a dispute between T-Mobile and a customer and maybe T-Mobile may have not supplied a service to the customers several days although the customer has recently paid for the service. The customer will be able to claim for damages. Since for T-Mobile this dispute could be considered a small amount as they are a big and well known business worldwide, they are able to have this dispute finalised at the Small Claim court where the customer would be able to claim for damages. Knowingly T-Mobile would not be paying more than  £5,000. Depending on the claims and damages occurred to the injured party, T-Mobile may not lose as much money that could impact their profit margins on a monthly basis nationwide. When a customer is the injured party and the case has gone to a Small Claim Court, the customer may not benefit as the judge may have made up their mind of the remedy given to the injured party. This may not give the injured party a chance to be able to speak out or give their input about the severity of the breach of contract cause by T-Mobile. As a legal representative may not be present or speak on behalf of the injured party, the customer will need to accept the remedy declared by the judge given by T-Mobile. It may not be what the injured party wanted but may need to accept. T-Mobile will be forced to give the remedy even it was agreed upon within the contract. For example, the injured party (party) may have expected to receive cash for the damaged caused but the judge may allow T-Mobile to give a contract of choice without the need of payment from the customer. This may benefit T-Mobile more than the injured party as the amount of remedy may be limited and only  the gathering of the documents given to the judge will be able to make a decision of the remedy given to the injured party. The remedy that may be given could be cash back to the injured party as T-Mobile may have charged them for unwanted services. Or it could be a small fine to T-Mobile for not giving the cash back in the first place to resolve this dispute such as unliquidated damage as a remedy to the injured party. County court This type of court will deal with bigger cases, a fast track case where it is worth between  £5,000 to  £15,000. The difference between County court and Small claim court is that the County court will have a jurisdiction involved to hear people’s cases in court. The County Court will deal with larger cases such as recovery of land, bankruptcies, company wind up, consumer’s credit and copyright matters. Compared to the Small Claim Court, the County Court is more formal and cases will be heard by a circuit judge who acts as a senior judge who will make decision on the case. Also they will be able to have a legal representation to have the parties have their cases represented to the judge. As well as the small claim court, help and advice will be available from the court and also will allow a person to claim against another. For example if T-Mobile were to be in dispute with another business causing more than  £5,000 of damages for not meeting the business needs for supplying services such as being their internet provider. This could be part of company wind up for T-Mobile. As another business is a client of T-Mobile, T-Mobile has not been able to meet the term of the agreement or has caused a breach of contract. The damage cause will be far too great to be dealt with in the Small Claim Court and may need to be dealt in a County Court where both parties will have a legal representation to present their cases to the Circuit Judge. If the judge reviews the case and conclude that T-Mobile were not able to keep to their agreement, the judge would be able to decide the penalty and the amount of damages the business will be able to claim. The County Court will allow the injured party to have a legal representation. This means that for the customer will be able to have a written report or have the legal representative empathise more on the damaged caused by T-Mobile. If the injured party is able to get more than they expect for remedy, this could benefit the injured party than T-Mobile. However the type of customer that will be taken to the County Court may need  to fulfil some criteria to be able to be eligible to be in the County Court. This could be the depending on the amount of damaged caused or the type of customer that could be more significant than an individual person in a mobile contract with T-Mobile. To be in the County Court, the injured party or the damaged cause may need to be significant for additional documents and a legal representation to be present to give their case to the judge. As County Court is greater than Small Claim Court, the remedy that may need to be given to the injured party would be greater, this could mean a larger fine to T-Mobile than the fine in Small Claim Court. The fine would be greater because the product or service to the injured party would have been significant and the damaged cause would have lead to be dealt with in a County Court for example supplying a faulty machinery that should have been sophisticated and be robust from malfunctions. Remedy such as unliquidated damages may occur. High court In the UK, High Court is the most senior of the first instance civil court; this is where many cases are dealt with if it is a high priority or a sensitive case. The High Court is divided into three divisions which are the Queen’s Bench Division, The Chancery Division and The Family Division. The Queen’s Bench Division is a part of the High court that takes and hears multi-track contract cases. These cases usually consist of involving and dealing with large sum of money or complex point of law. The Queen’s Bench Division will deal with business matters which makes it act as a Commercial Court dealing with matters such as insurance, banking etc. They will also hear civil appeals from the County Court. The Chancery Division is another part of the High Court that deals with the financial matters of equity and fairness such as taxation, bankruptcies, mortgages etc. The Family Division will deal with the family law such taking and dealing with cases such as divorce and adoption. The Family Division may have a little role when it comes to cases of business matters. For example if T-Mobile was in a contract or agreement with a large business or supplier and there has been a breach of contract and the damage was too great to be dealt with in the County Court, then it may need to go to the High Court. If the matters were to involve large sum of money, they will need to go to the Queen’s Bench Division. As they may have been negligence on T-Mobile behalf, the Queen’s  Bench Division will be able to oversee the case and conclude the damage the injured party will be able to claim and fine the party that carried out the damages. If T-Mobile was working with a third party to supplier many of their products to in order to expand their coverage of sales and T-Mobile may have not been able to meet some of the terms of the contract which may have led to the third party to break promises and be in a position of distress. It may be liable to T-Mobile where large of money has been lost or have not been cleared out on T-Mobile behalf. This case may have been dealt with in the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court. The High Court is such a prestigious court this means that for a T-Mobile case to occur there, the case may need to be important and greater than the case in County Court. As the importance of the case will be significant this will mean that normal customer may not be in the High Court unless other aspect that is a serious matter is involved possible relating to other organisation or international matters. This could usually be between business to business. As businesses have a lot more to lose than an individual customer of T-Mobile, the dispute may need to solved in the high court where the case could last for a few days. When there is a breach of contract between business, the injured party will be able to sue T-Mobile and this could be in huge numbers. T-Mobile customer that walk in to their store a sign a contract may not be eligible for a High court case rather business to business that are both well known in the media whether it is domestic or international, a breach of contract may disrupt the service of both business until the dispute has been resolved. As the case would be in a High court, the damaged caused to the injured would be significant to be dealt with in a County Court where millions of pounds of damaged could have occurred. This could show that the remedy given would be much more significant. This could be a huge fine to the injurer party (T-Mobile) however is certain cases the judge may issue an injunction or specific performance as a remedy to the injured party. Time limit When there is a breach of contract between two parties, the injured party will be allowed to claim for a remedy however, the claim of a remedy has a time limit. The Legislation Act 1980 has made it clear for the claim of remedy to have a time limit. This means that once a dispute has occurred  between the two parties caused by the breach of contract, the injured party will have a time limit of 6 years to be able to claim the remedy. In certain situation, such as the sale of land will have a time limit of 12 years of breach to be able to claim for remedy. There may be certain circumstances where the time limit to claim for remedy may extend if fraud has been involved within the breach of contract or the party claiming has a disability of lack capacity. In the case of T-Mobile, if there was a dispute to occur where T-Mobile may have not fulfil its duty to provide a service, in the Terms and Condition it states that it is up to the customer or consumer to tell T-Mobile about the damag ed caused and the claim that will be carried out as soon as possible. Although the Legislation Act says up to 6 years. Under the Data Protection Act, T-Mobile may not have the details or the information of the customer if they have previously terminated the contract and discarded the details of the customer. This could prove to be difficult for the customer to claim for remedy if there is no evidence to back up the breach of contract. I think that at the time of breach of contract whether if the customer check their phone bill and has been charged outrageous amount or charging the customer for service they did not agree to at the time of writing the contract, the customer may notify T-Mobile immediately about this incident. If the case has not been solved, this may be taken to a Small Claim court where the decision will be made swiftly and fair for both parties, if not to the injured party. With contract with retail customer, the dispute would have been resolved efficiently without the need of a court hearing to settle the dispute, this can show that with minor incidents the Legislation Act 1980 for the time limit may not be needed. However if the breach of contract were to be between T-Mobile and another business and the dispute has not been resolved within the time limit of 6 years, then the injured party will be able to bring up the case to the court to be resolved if it has been bought up within 6 year to be resolved. Conclusion In a presence of a breach of contract between T-Mobile and another party, based on the amount of damaged caused the case may be able to go to one of the three courts which are Small Claim Court, County Court or the High Court. With T-Mobile making different contract whether it is standard form  contracts or tailored to be in an agreement between both parties, T-Mobile may go to any of these courts depending on the severity of the damaged occurred at the time of breach of contract. Along with these court different remedy may be given to the injured party for example, unliquidated damage, injection or specific performance carried out. If T-Mobile were to use standard form contract, the terms and condition would be generic for all of their customers that have agreed to the terms which could mean that it may be easier or simpler for T-Mobile not to breach the contracts as they were the company that have created it in order to fit their purpose as a business. Also T-Mobile will need to consider all of the legislation acts such as the Sales of Goods Act, Contract (right of Third Parties) Act or The Consumer Protection (Distance selling) Regulation which will be enforced on to T-Mobile to follow in order to continue trading within the UK. This could also include T-Mobile not to make sure that within the contract has a misrepresentation which could cause serious harm to the company if it were to be found out during the breach of contract. The judge may be able to place serious offence on to T-Mobile as it could lead to a criminal offence to the business which could result of the company or person within the management to take blame of this incident which may have caused many customers to agree to a term that may have cause certain damage to them. Many businesses will need to make sure that when creating a contract with many different parties, they are able to create terms and condition or promises to one another in order to carry out once there has been an agreement to it as once the contract has been agreed on, and it will be legally binding. Both express and implied terms would be included to create a set of promises and remedies stated if there occurred a breach of contract.

Belonging Relative Text

HSC English Area of Study: Belonging Suggestions for related texts: Items held by Hawkesbury Library †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fiction Non-fiction Picture books Plays Poetry Film & television Documentary film & television Fiction Author Abdel-Fattah, Randa Abdel-Fattah, Randa Achebe, Chinua Alcott, Louisa May Anderson, Laurie Halse Atwood, Margaret Auel, Jean Barrie, J. M. Binchy, Maeve Boyne, John Brashares, Ann Brooks, Geraldine Burgess, Anthony Camus, Albert Carroll, Lewis Chabon, Michael Conrad, Joseph Cormier, Robert Courtenay, Bryce Dahl, Roald Dickens, Charles Dickens, CharlesTitle Does My Head Look Big In This? Ten Things I Hate About Me Things Fall Apart Little Women Twisted The Handmaid’s Tale The Clan Of The Cave Bear Peter Pan Circle Of Friends The Boy In The Striped Pyjamas Sisterhood Of The Travelling Pants March A Clockwork Orange The Plague Alice in Wonderland The Amazing Adventures Of Kavalier And Clay Heart Of Darkness The Chocol ate War The Power Of One Matilda Oliver Twist A Tale Of Two CitiesDostoevsky, Fyodor Doyle, Roddy Dudus, Andre Duff, Alan Dumas, Alexandre Evans, Alwyn Flanagan, Richard Frank, Anne Franklin Miles Gallico, Paul Galloway, Steven Galsworthy, John Golden, Arthur Greene, Graham Grenville, Kate Gwynne, Phillip Hardy, Thomas Hawthorne, Nathaniel Herbert, Xavier Hinton, S. 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M.Morrison, Toni Morton, Kate Niffenegger, Audrey Niland, D'Arcy Nunn, Cameron Oates, Joyce Carol Crime And Punishment Paddy Clark Ha Ha Ha House Of Sand And Fog Once Were Warriors The Count of Monte Cristo Walk In My Shoes The Sound Of One Hand Clapping The Diary of Anne Frank My Brilliant Career The Snow Goose The Cellist Of Sarajevo The Forsyte Saga Memoirs Of A Geisha Brighton Rock The Secret River Deadly, Unna?Tess Of The D'Urbervilles The Scarlet Letter Capricornia The Outsiders A Thousand Splendid Suns The Cider House Rules Mister Pip Ulysses Metamorphosis Never Let Me Go The Chant Of Jimmie Blacksmith Carrie To Kill A Mockingbird The Last Muster Puberty Blues The Spare Room White Fang Remembering Babylon Looking For Alibrandi Tomorrow When The War Began The Life Of Pi The Colour Of Water Destroying Avalon The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter Twilight (Series) Gone With The Wind The Keeper Of The Isis Light Anne Of Green Gables Sula Forgotten Garden The Time Traveller's Wife The Shiralee Shadows In The Mirror Black Girl / White GirlO'Brien, Robert C. 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Green Mountain Coffee Case Study Essay

Conscientious capitalism underscores the importance of aligning stakeholders’: employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, community, and the environment, interests into the company’s decisions by refocusing on purpose instead of profit, which incidentally results in a successful bottom line (Sacks, 2009). The operating philosophy of conscientious capitalism incorporates three assumptions: interconnectedness, holistic wealth, and traversing time through multiple generations. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) has integrated this ethical continuum into their operational strategy, which has led to their current success. Interconnectedness GMCR embodies interconnectedness through their annual summit meetings that employ an Appreciative Inquiry (AI) 4-D model and through their organization’s cultural commitment. At the summit meetings, multiple internal and external company stakeholders convene to strategically plan for the future, assess stakeholder value and contributions to success, as well as reflect on company and industry historical trends, all which promote the positive core of GMCR (Neville, 2008). Interconnectedness is also evident by the embodiment of GMCR’s inaugural five core beliefs: a passion for coffee (recreating Stiller’s first experience of the perfect cup of coffee), financial performance, a destination workplace, ethics, and commitment to social responsibility (Neville, 2008). By engaging the stakeholders, especially with annual trips to the â€Å"origin†, GMCR creates a unified allegiance to social and ethical responsibility that produces positive ethical and financial outcomes for the company. Holistic wealth GMCR epitomizes holistic wealth in the form of value-based management (VBM), which can be defined as an integrated management control system that measures, encourages, and supports the creation of net worth beyond capital accumulation and profit (Beck & Britzelmaier, 2011). One way that GMCR uses VBM to create net worth is through flexible cash flow models provided to coffee farmers. The model entails providing interest-free pecuniary resources to coffee growers preceding the harvest, which secures perpetual payments for the suppliers, invariable income for the farmer’s family, and an uninterrupted coffee flow for GMCR (Neville, 2008). Another example of VBM is GMCR’s utilization of Fair Trade initiatives and family farming contracts that employ direct buying agreements granting farmers fair prices for their crops. By employing these types of social standards as a tradeoff for long-term sustainability, GMCR makes all stakeholders feel valued, which in turn increases their passion for productivity and subsequently GMCR’s bottom line. Traversing time through multiple generations With a global focus on agricultural replenishment and perpetuity, the common emphasis for businesses in this industry has been extending the vivaciousness of crops across multiple generations. Given that 30 coffee trees are required to provide one, three time per day coffee drinker with enough coffee and combined with the fact that the trees have to remain viable for at least 10 years to yield a financially profitable crop, GMCR’s commitment to organic food processes promotes to the concept of multiple generations of time, allowing farmers to pass their crops through generations (Neville, 2008). By trading a traditional business paradigm for one centered on an all-inclusive value-based continuum that encompasses interconnected systems of farmers, stakeholders, land, and visible and invisible time, GMCR is a prime example of how conscientious capitalism can stimulate corporate and financial success.

Should we celebrate or mourn the demise of architectural utopianism Essay

Should we celebrate or mourn the demise of architectural utopianism - Essay Example Tafuri and La Penta identify with the benefits of elimination of utopia particularly due the fact that architecture will be purified and devoid of worthlessness occasioned by utopia. The position of the authors is a celebration of elimination of utopia since there will be more contributions to wholesome and quality architecture. â€Å"It’s possible to argue over the appropriate terminology for this stuff. Some have floated Iconism, Neo-Modernism, and Bilbaoism. I prefer to call it Pseudomodernism, a modernism of concealment, a stylistic shell left after all the original social and moral ideas have been stripped out.†2 In the words of Hatherley, the architectural world ought to be saddened and grieved by the marked loss of vital content to design amid elimination of utopianism. The author laments of the emptiness of ideas that rather capture the society moral and social values in architectural style. Since antiquity, utopia has characterized art in almost every sphere, oral and verbal as well as literal and intellectual. A conglomeration of idealist design from various sectors of the human society for over two millennia now has replaced design with utopia. The description of something as utopian in ordinary language implies some level of impossibility. This is mainly because utopia is likened to unrealistic dream whose actualization remains remote. Over a considerable duration of time, utopian designs have been actualized due to desperation regarding urban space utilization. Calvino likens modern cities to actualized dreams that have evolved in the utopian perspective. The author labels the cities’ design as a fabrication of desires which usually gets accompaniment from unfounded fears. Imagination is the main power behind creativity in utopian designs, which has developed over time to constitute some form of an acceptable practice. Perhaps, the architectural fraternity o ught to make merry on the

History of medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of medicine - Essay Example Starting with the English medical professions in the 17th and 18th centuries, one of the most major and significant factors here is the fact that of little was actually known in regards to the field of medicine itself; "Very little was known about hygiene in the 17th century. People were not aware that disease was spread by germs which thrived on dirt. They did not think of washing their hands before eating or dressing a wound, so diseases could spread quickly" (National Maritime Museum, 2007). One of the most influential doctors in the medical profession at this time was Nicholas Culpeper, who was an English botanist, herbalist, physician, and astrologer, and who also published several books in his time. Culpeper worked to "bring medicinal treatments from the mysterious to the comprehensible. His philosophy was to teach the common folk to minister to themselves by providing them with the tools and knowledge for self health" (Wikipedia, 2007). In regards to the Colonial medical professions in the 17th and 18th centuries, there are both similarities and differences when compared to that of the previously discussed. For instance, one of the most major similarities is in regards to how the physician attitudes to popular or lay medicine, which was for the most part generally permeable to ideas from conventional and more standard practice, as well had a very serious bearing on that of variations in the medical practice itself. Then on the other hand, one of the biggest differences between the Colonial medical profession from that of the English medical profession during this time is in regards to how the Colonial medical practitioners placed a lot of confidence on the supposition that popular medicine rested on generations of experience and that folkways were a prudent and economical alternative to many of the more expensive treatments. There are several different factors in particular which led to the development of clinical medicine in France in the first half of the 19th century, and this includes that of: genomics, human genetics, hygiene, pharmacology, and scientific research. Another issue that is incredibly relevant and significant here is that of the impact of the French Revolution on the development of clinical medicine in France during the first half of the 19th century, and the French Revolution really did have quite an impact in this regards. During the first half of the 19th century, great evolutions were being made in regards to the field of medicine; new medical schools were developing, and Paris was just one significant location in France which was quickly working its way towards becoming the world center in science and medicine. The French Revolution caused many changes throughout France, many of which had an incredibly significant impact on the field of medicine, the majority of which resulted pos itively. From this review we can conclude many different things, several which are of particular importance, such as the fact of how similar and different the English and Colonial medical professions were in the 17th and 18th centuries, as well as what factors are considered to have led to the development of clinical medicine in France during this time, as well as during the first half of the 19th century, and furthermore we have also been able to understand about the impact that

Quality of High School Education in United States Essay

Quality of High School Education in United States - Essay Example The integration of technology has brought great improvisation in the quality of high school education. The ultimate gain of the above mentioned point has actually spread a sense of security in the students. They are now more confident of taking up the challenges of the real world that requires instant decision making and regular introspection. The learning in the classroom is now generating a new relationship between the teacher and the student. The teachers are now developing various new methods for assessment as well as teaching process. The schools are also entrusting its teachers to stress on critical thinking. Even though students are learning facts and basic skills, they are now stressing with adequate emphasis on advanced reasoning skills (von Glasersfeld, 87-95). The newer technology generally in the form of computer & internet has provided a different addition to the concept that encompasses meaningful learning of education. One of the first and most vocal proponents of the use of technology to promote this type of meaningful learning was Seymour Papert who believed that computers could provide a powerful tool for learning. He also noted that schools have frequently ignored the broad capacities of computers for instructional support, isolating them from the learning process rather than integrating them into all areas of the curriculum. Using the techniques of the constructivism effectively, the teacher can teach or educate their students in restored modality. Teachers are beginning to use technology as a tool to promote students' ability to reason and solve authentic problems. Also, teachers have now been using technology and also integrating them into formal education system with intention to transform classrooms into technology intensive knowledge centers providing purposeful learning with experimental leaning that would intuitively create an environment of authentic action rather than awareness and simple information. The effective use of technology now integrates higher cognitive skill development and thinking skills such as problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and scientific inquiry. When teachers are thorough and totally integrate technology into class room a very different environment comes into existence. A constructivist learning environment is a place in which learners work together and support each other as they use a variety of tools and information resources in their guided pursuit of learning goals and problem-solving activities. Constructivist learning environments frequently encompass many different applications of media and technology. Classrooms under this environment are active with the combine of the tools of constructivism with communication and visualization tools that enable communication and collaboration among learners in a socio cultural context. Increased student achievement can result because of the synergy created through dynamic interactions (Sandholtz, Ringstaff, & Dwyer). Reference: Papert, S. Mindstorms: Children, computers and powerful ideas. New York: Harper Collins, 1980 Papert, S. The children's machine: Rethinking school in the age of the computer. New York: Basic Books, 1994 Sandholtz, J., Ringstaff, C., & Dwyer, D.

Abstract to my project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract to my project - Essay Example Recent efforts have seen the move towards the convergence of international accounting standards. This is fundamentally the move to having all kinds off financial reporting produce a common result. This concept has been adopted by the SEC and the FASB to ensure the synchronization of all partners who have subscribed to these standards. The IFRS offers this opportunity by having a standard and uniform template upon which all financial reporting will be scrutinized. There is need to conduct further research on the issue of taking up a uniform standards of financial reporting globally. This is because there are some underlying effects that these standards may have on SME (small and medium size enterprises). The standards are developed to favour multinational cooperation, negatively impacting the small and medium size enterprises. Financial accounting practices are essential for determining the performance of organisations and their financial situations. Private, governmental and non-governmental organisations use accounting standards to improve their performance (Godfrey & Chalmers, 2007). There are many stakeholders of financial information who have an interest in the financial report for various purposes. Therefore, the method used and the influence of that method to the organisation and its financial statement is of great significance to the stakeholders of those organisations (Godfrey & Chalmers, 2007) The document focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of globalisation of accounting standards to various stakeholders. The project contains an abstract, introduction, the body of the report, glossary, conclusion, list of references and bibliography. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is the main accounting systems under consideration for application as an international accounting system (Samak et al., 2012). The expansion of businesses

Napoleon Bonaparte's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Napoleon Bonaparte's - Essay Example The code was influential and formed the private law basis in countries such as Italy, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal and Poland. These countries adopted this code especially those aspects related to family laws which were discriminatory against the married women. The codes were adopted mostly under the European Court on Human Rights’ pressure1. However, Napoleon is remembered best for his role in the Napoleonic Wars which were those wars which were led against the French by series of coalitions. He established a state which dominated over many parts of the continental Europe and spread across the ideas for the French Revolution while he consolidated an imperial monarchy. He gained success in these wars and proved to be one of the greatest military commanders of all time. He is still remembered for his warfare and innovations that led the success and despite having many enemies who were superior; he managed to successfully run his campaigns. Today, examples of his campaigns are taught at the military academics globally. In the beginning of the nineteenth century there was much disturbance and disarray in the French Empire until Napoleon was engaged in the series of conflicts that tackled with every major power in the Europe. However, these conflicts resulted in a series of victories and France was able to secure a dominating position in the continental Europe under Napoleon’s military. Napoleon also managed to maintain the influence of the French Empire on the European countries by forming alliances and appointing family and friends to rule these European countries as being the client states of the French (Landau 55). When it is about the impact on the events, Napoleon’s personality is what took the power. He had the skill and expertise which allowed him to take many correct decisions as he chose the best generals for the armies and stood by them till the end. He reorganized many of the things which allowed

Volcanic impact on environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Volcanic impact on environment - Essay Example The exploitation of these materials in turn has a direct impact on the environment.† (Marti and Ernst, xiii) Significantly, the direct and indirect impact of volcanoes on the environment and society requires significant public awareness as volcanic eruptions never get public attention unless when people and buildings are harmed directly by these volcanoes. The crucial impact of hazardous volcanic processes on the environment and the society needs to be analyzed comprehensively and it is important to realize that the direct volcano hazards include fall processes, flowage processes, and other processes, while the indirect volcano hazards include earthquakes and ground movement, tsunami, atmospheric impact and climate change, etc. A profound analysis of the volcanic impact on the environment confirms that the volcanic eruptions are extremely harmful to the environment, primarily because of the number of toxic gases emitted in the process. Significantly, the toxic gases emitted in volcanic eruptions include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, volatile metal chlorides, etc. and these are extremely hazardous to the environment. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the volcanic impact on the environment in order to discover the various hazardous ways in which volcanic eruptions and process influence the environment and the society, directly and indirectly. One of the major research questions of an analysis of the volcanic impact on the environment should be how the volcanic gases have

Mr Ulysses S. Grant ,Mr Robert E. Lee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mr Ulysses S. Grant ,Mr Robert E. Lee - Essay Example This document will compare and contrast the two personalities in light of their roles during the Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant was one of the personalities that played a critical role during the Civil war. Bonekemper (233) notes that although people did not know him at the beginning of the war, he was later to emerge as a leading and important commander of the Union forces at the last stages of the war. In fact, Grant was not a soldier at the beginning of the Civil War. His attempt to join the army in 1861 was met with strong resistance from some quarters before being allowed to join the army. He was later to join the Union forces where Grant was elevated to become the Union Commanding General at the last stages of the war. As the commanding general for the Union forces, Grant used military tactics and strategies that helped the Union forces triumph over the confederate forces at the south. By contrast, Lee was a prominent soldier right from the beginning of the Civil War (Bonekemper 233). Unlike Grant, who became a soldier when the war had begun, Lee was the confederate Commanding General right from the beginning of the war, a position, which he held until the end of the Civil War. Secondly, Grant was a very ruthless commander who showed no compassion and mercy to either the confederate soldiers or the civilians. For instance, upon taking command in the last stages of the Civil War, the first thing he did was to order General William Tecumseh Sherman to harass the civilians who were defenseless. Sherman went ahead to implement the direction by ruthlessly taking whatever they wanted from civilians without paying for them. This resulted in the looting of the properties of the local residences even as crops were destroyed, houses torched, and livestock killed (Bonekemper 232). Grants inhumane style of leadership also came to the limelight after ordering a stoppage to the exchange of prisoners of war. Before Grant took command, there was a system in

Gated Communities and Segregation in The Tortilla Curtain by T.C.Boyle Essay

Gated Communities and Segregation in The Tortilla Curtain by T.C.Boyle - Essay Example Though segregation based on race, ethnicity, religion, etc., is now illegal, there are still some practices among the citizens like the existence of gated communities that cause segregation and racism. Although, one section of people views gated communities as a feasible and practical way of living, other sections view it as ‘islands’ which promote segregation. This issue of gated communities forms a subtle but a key part of the novel, The Tortilla Curtain written by T.C. Boyle and published by Viking Press in 1995. Boyle is a ‘Distinguished Professor’ of English at the University of Southern California and lives in the Santa Barbara. He has written over 12 novels as well as more than 100 short stories winning, with many of his works reflecting the issues and lifestyle of people living in California including The Tortilla Curtain. â€Å"The Southern California writer T. C. Boyle captures the separation that marks daily life in Los Angeles.† (Fuller, B ridges and Pai 145). Boyle sets his novel in the Topanga Canyon where the lives of two couples, who live an entirely different lifestyles, cross each other with tragic and at the same thought-provoking results. The main protagonist couple, Delaney, a sensitive writer about nature and Kyra Mossbacher, an obsessive real estate agent, move in to a newly gated community nestled among the natural surroundings called Arroyo Blanco. The other couple is the Mexican illegal immigrants, Candido and his pregnant wife America Rincon, who enter the American borders illegally wanting to achieve the American Dream of a prosperous life, but live in an awful condition in a makeshift camp deep in the Topanga Canyon. When a freak car accident involving Delaney and Candido happens, it leads to further interactions between the couples with their opposing worlds intersecting in a problematic and tragic manner. The interactions between the couples mainly arise due the setting of the gated community. Boyle paints the picture of a strictly conforming gated community, where all the houses were white with orange roofs. â€Å"†¦lay the massed orange tile rooftops of Arroyo Blanco† (Boyle 74). The private community gives a sense of exclusivity. The concept of a gated community, with a homeowners association, is to provide a safe neighborhood with all the facilities. However, when viewed from another perspective, by facilitating families of similar races and class to live closer together, while ‘ignoring’ other sections of the people, it is leading to segregation. Part 2: Gated community is the term given to the residential neighborhoods which have a surrounding wall and a main gate for entry. This form of residential living has become a key part of the new housing market, particularly in the urban areas. It is viewed as a new form of urbanism, under which public spaces in various geographical territories are being privatized. They have thus become a â€Å"symbol of metropolitan fragmentation and social segregation†, with segregation happening mainly along economic and racial lines (Le Goix 76a). Le Goix (9) further states that â€Å"gated communities are located within every kind of middle class and upper-class neighborhoods, with half of them are located within the rich, upper-scale and mostly white neighborhoods, and one third are located within

Why Are Drugs Classified in the Categories They Are Essay Example for Free

Why Are Drugs Classified in the Categories They Are Essay 1.Why are drugs classified in the categories they are? The term drug class generally refers to the area affected by a drug or its effect on the body (BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). Many drugs can fit into more than one category, but they are usually classified by their therapeutic action. A drug’s therapeutic category refers to its purpose—the diseases or conditions it treats (Drug Classifications, 2013). Drugs can also be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient. 2.Give a description of the actions of drugs in each category. Central Nervous System: Anticonvulsants: These drugs are used to control/prevent seizures in patients who have epilepsy, seizure disorders, traumatic brain injuries, or other cerebral disorders ((BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). Antidepressants: These drugs are used to treat neurotransmitter deficiencies (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). It can take weeks for the drug to reach the appropriate blood level to have the desired effect. Antianxiety/sedative medications: These drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders and sleep disorders. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines enhance the actions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gammaaminobutyruc acid. Agents in both classes are effective sedative-hypnotics , antianxiety agents, and anticonvulsants. (Olson, J., 2012). Antipsychotics: These are medications that are used to treat psychotic episodes and serious mental disorders (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder that can be treated with an antipsychotic medication. Anti emetics: These drugs treat nausea and vomiting and help control motion sickness (Olson, J., 2012). Cardiovascular drugs: Antihypertensives: These include diuretics which reduce blood pressure and edema by increasing urine production. (Olson, J., 2012). Antiadrenergics: These medications increase blood pressure by stimulating the heart and/or constricting peripheral blood vessels. (Olson, J., 2012). Vasodilators: These drugs help lower one’s blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels (Olson, J., 2012). Vasoconstrictors: These help increase one’s blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels (Olson, J., 2012). Anti-anginals: Nitrates dilate large myocardial arteries to increase blood supply to the  heart. They also reduce cardiac preload by reducing venous tone which allows blood pooling in the periphery (Olson, J., 2012). Anti-arrhythmias: These drugs influence cardiac conduction properties and may revert an abnormal rhythm to sinus rhythm (Olson, J., 2012). Anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics: Anticoagulants inhibit coagulation, antiplatelets prevent platelet aggregation and thrombolytics degrade clots that have already formed (Olson, J., 2012). All of these drugs need to be given carefully to avoid causing excessive bleeding. They should not be given to patients with ulcers, patients who are pregnant, or those who are suffering from a hemorrhagic stroke (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Lipid Lowering Agents: These drugs help one reduce blood cholesterol when diet and exercise control fail (Olson, J., 2012). Analgesic medications: Analgesic medications are commonly known as pain relievers. Many are over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Others are given to the patient by prescription for pain relief (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Narcotic medications stimulate central nervous system receptors known as opioid receptors and cause a decrease in the perception of pain. An overdose of narcotics can result in suppression of the respiratory system, leading to respiratory arrest (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate pain associated with inflammation (e.g., Aleve). They are used to relieve arthritis and other joint pain. Acetaminophen is a common pain reliever that does not cause bleeding. It is often given instead of NSAIDs (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antihistamines and Endocrine medications: Antihistamine medications block the immune responses of itching, hives, and swelling caused by the release of histamines. These are available OTC (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Diabetes and hypothyroidism are two glandular conditions that are often observed by the health care professional. Antidiabetic medications are necessary for patients who cannot balance their blood sugar and tissue sugar. Insulin is the medication prescribed for insulin-dependent diabetes (type-1 diabetes) (BIO-316V Module  Lecture, 2012). Hypothyroidism is controlled by common hormone preparations designed to enhance thyroid function. The most common of these is thyroxin (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Hyperthyroidism is typically controlled by a medication called methimazole and it inhibits transformation of inorganic iodine to organic iodine (Olson, J., 2012). Bronchodilators help open constricted airways in patients who have respiratory constriction such as asthma and/or COPD (Olson, J., 2012). Vasopressin is a drug which promotes reabsorption of water in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys and vasoconstricts blood vessels. Vasopressin and DDAVP are synthetic analogs of arginine vasopressin used to treat diabetes insipidus. (Olson, J., 2012). Desmopressin is used to treat acute epistaxis and GI hemorrhage and also used to maintain hemostasis during surgery in patients who have hemophilia A and Von Willebrand’s disease (Olson, J., 2012). Oxytocin induces contraction in the gravid uterus and promotes milk ejaculation from the post partum breast (Olson, J., 2012). Oral contraceptives hel p prevent pregnancy (Olson, J., 2012). Corticosteroids: These include Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, and Fludrocortisone. These medications are typically used for respiratory issues such as asthma, and a few of them care also used as an anti-inflammatory agent to help reduce swelling and allow the patient to breathe better. Prednisone is the drug of choice for maintenance therapy of severe asthma. Prednisone doesn’t just help reduce swelling in the lungs; however, it can be used for other inflammatory issues all over the body (Olson, J., 2012). Anti infective agents: Antibiotics are drugs used to fight infections caused by bacteria. As their name implies, antibiotics are anti-life agents as far as bacteria are concerned (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antifungal drugs are used to combat all sorts of fungal infections, from athletes foot to histoplasmosis. They are being used more often now in the combating of AIDS-related fungal infections (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antiviral agents fight viral disease at the cellular level. Viruses enter into cells and propagate within them. Antibiotics have no effect on a virus once it has entered a cell. Antiviral agents are designed to interfere with the  replication of viruses (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Chemotherapy Agents: Chemotherapy is typically used to treat cancer. This is achieved by using a combination of drugs that are most toxic to the particular cancer cells of an individual patient. They are very potent and could be harmful to the caregiver (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). GI Agents: Antidiarrheals: These drugs help control diarrhea amd most are sold OTC, although there are a few that can be prescribed and are more potent than the OTC drugs (Olson, J., 2012). Laxatives: These drugs are the opposite of antidiarrheals, as they help a patient who is unable to have a bowel movement (Olson, J., 2012). Antacids provide symptomatic relief of gastric acid irritation (Olson, J., 2012). Anti ulcer drugs help treat or prevent ulcers by either neutralizing gastric acid or preventing the production of acid (Olson, J., 2012). 3.What is chemotherapy and which diseases are treated this way? Chemotherapy by definition is the combination of two or more drugs used to treat a disease (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Most anticancer agents act by inhibiting cell proliferation by either damaging DNA or preventing DNA repair (Olson, J., 2012). Chemotherapeutic regimens often consist of several agents that have different mechanisms of action and minimize overlapping toxic effects (Olson, J., 2012). Most anticancer drugs cause bone marrow suppression which is why bone marrow sparing drugs are often included in combination regimens (OIson, J., 2012). Chemotherapy is used to treat cancer. 4.Give examples of how contrast media are used to produce an image. Contrast studies provide some information that standard x-rays cannot. During a contrast study, you get a dose of a contrast material that outlines, highlights, or fills in parts of the body so that they show up more clearly on an x-ray. The contrast material may be given by mouth, as an enema, as an injection,or through a catheter put into various tissues of the body. For most of these tests, the images can be captured either on x-ray film or by a computer (American Cancer Society, 2013). An image is produced on a radiograph when the content of iodine in the blood is sufficient to  prevent the penetration of the photons emitted by the X-ray tube (BIO 316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). 5.Compare ionic and non-ionic contrast media. Ionic contrast media carry the iodine to the organ that is to be visualized. In the chemical attachment of the iodine to the water molecule, positive cations are produced as a side effect. Non-ionic does not mean that the contrast media contain no iodine; rather, it means that non-ionic contrast media contain no positive cations to disrupt the balance of the blood plasma. The immune system does not recognize it as foreign matter and is usually not aroused (BIO 316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). References: American Cancer Society, 2013. Retrieved on September 6, 2013 from http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/i magingradiologytests/imaging-radiology-tests-xrays BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012. Grand Canyon University. Drug Classifications, 2013. Anthem Education. Retrieved on September 6, 2013 from http://www.anthem.edu/pharmacy-technician-school/drug-classifications/

Honda Motor Company Limited Commerce Essay

Honda Motor Company Limited Commerce Essay Sun Zis Art of War is the most famous work on military operations in ancient China. Being the oldest military treatise in the world, it is one of the greatest cultural legacies of the Chinese nation. Sun Zis Art of War is a classic on military operations and the most influential in the world today. In this well-known book, Sun Wu puts forward many important principles in military operations. He says, Winning a victory and subduing the enemy without fighting is the highest excellence. War is not for slaughter; if you win without fighting, the way you can do so is the greatest military strategy, Sun Wu in his book stresses, To attack where the enemy is unprepared and hit when it is unexpected is another wise observation. Military operations should aim at speedy victory and not prolonged campaigns. Know both the enemy and yourself; you will fight a hundred battles without danger of defeat. All these principles are, unquestionably, significant even in military strategies in the world today. The thirteen military essays in The Art of War form a systematic military work. Each essay discusses one problem, but thirteen essays constitute an organic whole, which can never be taken separately. The Art of War actually discusses how to win, which is not limited to military operations. Its significance has been enlarged to many fields, such as commercial affairs, management, athletic competitions, etc. Everyone who reads it carefully may acquire the key to victory (Wee, 2003). Honda Motor Company Limited established by Soichiro Honda who was a legendary man in the Japanese motor industry. He was a dreamer, he dreamed of a better way of making piston rings, founded a small company, and began production. He dreamed of giving people everywhere an economical form of transportation, and began producing small motorcycles, including one built in 1949 called the D-Type Dream (Honda Motor Comapny Ltd, 2012). Honda Motor Company is by far the worlds biggest motorcycle maker. Hondas first motorcycle was born out of necessity in immediate post World War II Japan, where public transportation was desperately overcrowded and gasoline severely restricted. Soichiro Honda started Honda Motor Company in 1948, at the age of 41. Soon after he hooked up with financial whiz Takeo Fujisawa and together they built an empire. Two owners of the company had different priorities. For Fujisawa, the engine innovation meant increased sales and easier access to financing. For Honda, the higher horsepower engine opened the possibility of more successfully pursuing his motorcycle racing ambitions. Indeed, winning provided the ultimate confirmation of his design abilities. Success came quickly, and by the end of the 1950s Honda had won all of the most prestigious motorcycle racing prizes in the world. In 1958 the Honda 50cc Super Cub was introduced. It featured an automatic clutch, three-speed transmission, automatic starter, and the safe, friendly look of a bicycle. Its inexpensive price was due almost entirely to its high-horsepower, yet lightweight 50cc engine. The success of the Super Cub in Japan prompted Honda to consider expanding its target market to other geographic regions. The company had already experimented with local Southeast Asian markets in 1957 and 1958, however, with little success. The European market, while larger, was heavily dominated by its own name brand manufacturers, and their popular mopeds dominated the low price, low horsepower market. Thus, Fujisawa decided to focus Hondas attention on the U.S. market. In 1962 this breakthrough advertising You meet the nicest people on a Honda shattered the myth that motorcycles were only for tough guys and rebels. It reached out and made Honda and motorcycling in general, appealing to everyone. in 1967 it diversified and also began to produce cars and trucks. In addition, the company started to manufacture portable generators, power tillers, lawn mowers, pumps, and outboard motors. In 1967 and 1968 the company introduced two lightweight passenger cars which performed poorly in both the Japanese and U.S. markets. It was not until 1973 and the introduction of the Honda Civic that the company became a real presence on the international automobile market (Honda Motor Company Limited History, 2012). Three years later, in 1976, as sales of the Honda Civic surpassed the one million mark, the company introduced an upscale, higher priced model named the Accord. Sales of the Accord grew rapidly, not only in Japan, but especially in the United States. In 1982, as a result of the burgeoning U.S. market for Japanese carsIn 1986, Honda introduced the Acura, which immediately garnered large sales throughout Japan and the United States. By the end of the 1980s, Honda had developed into one of the leading car manufacturers in the world. After Soichiro Honda died in 1991, the company initiated a comprehensive reorganization, led by Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the companys president and chief executive officer. in 1992 Honda organized the first ever joint venture to make motorcycles in China. Many industry analysts predicted that the agreement would give Honda an initial foothold in what could become the worlds largest and most motorcycle market lucrative. In order to compete in the tough automobile industry environment, Honda focused much of its attention on research and development. In 1994 and 1996, Hondas experiments with alternative power sources for automobiles and a U.S.-made large-size custom motorcycle led the company to win the worlds largest Solar Car racethe World Solar Challengewith its Honda Dream. In 1997 alone, new production lines of different Honda products were started in India, Vietnam, Turkey, Indonesia, and Brazil. In 1998 Honda once again signed a joint venture agreement in Chinathis time to produce and sell cars. Honda was doing quite well but still had weaknesses to surmount. It had come to be known as one of the most efficient car companies in the world. Its strengths were in its research and development know-how, its high level of technological advances, and its global reachHonda was selling markedly more units abroad than in its own country. Civic and Accord model are the most successful product in Honda company 2. Content Sun Zi Art of War is a short book which contains about only 6200 words written in classical Chinese and has 13 chapters. All the principles and concepts of Sun Zi Art of War can be apply into warfare and modern business strategies today. In this assignment, topics that we selected are chapter 3 Strategic Attack, chapter 4 Disposition of the Army, chapter 5 Forces and chapter 8 Variations and adaptability. Chapter 1: Planning Sun Zi Art of War stated that on every war must have studied and examined thoroughly as it is a matter of life and death. In order to do so, there are five factors in planning which contains moral influence, the weather, terrain, generalship, and doctrine and law. These factors enable Maxis Communication Berhad to compare against their competitors such as DiGi, Celcom, U-mobile as in to understand the changing condition and circumstances and assess the victory in the sales over them. There are 7 important consideration should held in the planning process of Maxis in order to enable them to have competitive advantages their competitors. As in planning, there are 12 guidance of strategic planning that could have been held by Maxis over gaining competitive advantages or gain more profit on their product over other telecommunication provider. Sunzi emphasis on the importance of detailed planning in order for Maxis to gain victory over other in the term of sales and goodwill of the teleco mmunication industry. Chapter 3 Strategic Attack In this chapter, Sun Zi said: capturing a whole division intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. capturing a whole battalion intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. capturing an entire company intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. capturing an entire section intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. For business application, an organization has to adapt their culture when they enter into new market or invented a new product. Then, organization has to analyse their consumers need and it will be easier to succeed because the products invented are adapt to the customers culture, environments and needs. Besides, organization can save a lot of costs, they doesnt waste more capital in advertising on promotion. However, they have to make sure that the origin elements are maintained. For example, KFC has just introduced a new Flaming Crunch chicken which suited Malaysian taste. This flaming crunch chicken is coated with crunchy cornflakes and some spicy powder. As we all know most of the Malaysians like spicy food such as nasi lemak or curry. Thus, this new flaming crunch chicken meets the needs of Malaysian who like spicy food. Chapter 4 Disposition of the Army This chapter stated that those who were skilful in warfare ensued that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy. The ability to prevent defeat depends on oneself, while the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy. When the opportunity arrived, all advantages factors are well prepared like financial and material support, just a button, organization can make extremely profit and easier to penetrate the market. Ball is in your hand, can fun play. For example, Apple Inc has become the market leader, control all factors like pricing, products, promotion, policy and place even if Apple Inc was not the first mover for multimedia downloader. It said one does not make mistakes because he adopts measures, policies and strategies that are certain to lead to victory. He wins because he chooses to engage an enemy that is already in a position of defeat. People who are the most successful are who will predict the future, create the market and to realize the prediction. For example, the diamond multimedia is the first mover for multimedia downloader but the timing is not matured, they never predict their future properly and do not have good policies or strategies to create the market. Few years later, Apple Inc produces the same technology products such as iPod. It is more famous as compared to diamond multimedia. It shows that Apple Inc create the trend which bring the organization growth and maximize the organisation profit. However, follow the trend will only give opportunity to the organization but not profit. Chapter 5 Forces Chapter 5 stated that the fact that the whole army can withstand the attacks of the enemy without suffering any defeats is due to the use of the direct and indirect strategies, forces and approaches. When forces are concentrated to attack the enemy, it must be like solid stones hurled against eggs. This is applying the principle of using strengths to strike weaknesses. For business application, organizations have to be creative and innovative so that they can compete with their competitors. They have to change process happen, change their form, culture, structure or product base when it is needed for them to do so. You must breaks the eggs on beach and create a new life in the sea. For example, Starbucks coffee leads the industry with it continuous menu innovation and a wider choice of drinks than any other brand. Recently, everyone is crazy for Chatime, Ochado or Gong Cha which all of them are Taiwanese pearl milk tea. You can see people queue up even if the queue is very long, stil l people wait for it just for that cup of pearl milk tea. To change, we can see Starbucks coffee introducing the Green Tea with Red Bean Frappuccino and Hojicha with Tea Jelly Frappuccino to follow the trend. Thus, this indirect forces used by Starbucks coffee are tactics to surprise their competitors and consumers. Moreover, this can help to solve their problem and pull back their customers. In this chapter, it also stated that entice the enemy by giving away something that he would certainly want to have. Lure the enemy to move with benefits that he desires and then use concealed troops to await and ambush them. For business application, when the enemy is greedy for small advantages, offer baits to lure him. As we all know greedy is one of the human natural instincts. For example, AEON members day has a lots of things are discount up to 70%. Thus, consumer will be greedy for the small advantages, just to get the discount they have actually spent on things that they dont really need. Therefore, the consequence is they have spent more for that particular month or over budget. Chapter 8 Variations and adaptability This chapter is about the importance of being adapting to changing, importance of careful deliberations and preparedness. The world is constantly changing, we need to adapt to this change quickly. The quicker you let go the past, the sooner you can enjoy you happiness. This means that the faster you adapt to change and follow the trend, the faster you can enjoy earning your profit. There are few examples that we can see in our daily life. First, there is a new concept of Kopitiam has been experienced rapid growth over the past few years. These new concept of Kopitiam included Old Town White Coffee, Pak Hailam Kopitiam, Georgetown White Coffee and many more. Just for a short period of time, Old Town White Coffee has over 130 outlets in Malaysia. Soon or later we will hardly find those old style kopitiam. Another example is the sundry shops, as we can see grocery shops have been replaced by all those convenient stores like 7-eleven, 99speedmart; supermarkets and hypermarkets like Aeon, Tesco, Carrefour or Econsave. All these convenient stores or hypermarkets offer wider range of products and cheaper price. For example, we can buy everything we need in Aeon, we can buy clothes, electronic products, vegetables or other daily consumer products at one go. We need not to travel here and there to get what we want. In addition, we can see the advance of the technologies nowadays. Everyone is using Smartphone or smart TV. Samsung has come out their brand new smart phone Galaxy S3, they keep on innovate their products to fulfilled the consumer needs and wants. Furthermore, it leads Samsung to be the leader of the markets. At the same time, this new technologies bring an opportunity to the telecommunication companies to come out with data plan to boost their profits up. To be winner of the market, these telecommunication companies have to review their plans frequently to stay competitive in the market. Lastly, proactiveness is the key to strategic advantage. Nowadays, people like convenience and easy job. Therefore, the new concept of wall paper has been invented by Korea and Taiwan to replace paint. We can customize our own wall paper; you can have your own favourite colour, taste or picture. With this invention, we can save our time, cost and energy; no more pain. Chapter 10: Terrain In this chapter, Sun Zis explain the grounds during the war. Type of grounds are communication ground, entrapping ground, indifferent group, constricted ground, key ground and distant ground. Every ground has its own function during the war. In business application, Maxis Sdn Bhd encounters obstacles in competing against their competitors. It is said that the top management is responsible for the lower management performance. Therefore, the top management holds a great responsibility in Maxis, like a general does. Senior director is responsible to organize an effective strategy to gain victory in the business war. The strategy will be exercise by the middle management to order the lower management in implementing the strategy in Maxis business process. Chapter 13: Intelligence and espionage In Chapter 13, we discuss about intelligence and espionage. According to Sun Zi, there are five types of spies and secret agents. They are living agents, local agents, inside agents, double agents and doomed agents. We discuss about the ability of the agent to gather and effectively use information on the enemy on the enemy. Thus, Maxis Berhad may send its employees to do research on competitors by obtaining information through reliable sources. For example, annual reports, stock warrants, news feed and press conference. This may help Maxis Berhad to gain informative and useful information to analyze its strengths and weaknesses of itself in order to gain competitive advantage over the competitors. Q3. DISCUSSION Chapter 3 Strategic Attacks Sun Zi said: In general, when waging war, capturing a whole nation intact is a better strategy; to shatter and ruin it is a weaker option. Honda motor has to come out with different strategy and method in facing different challenges among competitors in order to compete in car and motorcycle industry. In 2001, American Hondas associate learning and organizational development group that undertook a broad assessment of its approach to training, looking at what was offered, why, to whom and how. One focus of this initiative was to deepen the emphasis on quality, which has long permeated Hondas manufacturing operations, within the internal support and service portions of the organization. The challenge laid out for the development group was to improve and extend the delivery of training for employees, reduce their time away from the job for training, take advantage of expanding technology capabilities and infrastructure and, above all, ensure a tangible transfer of skills that would take internal service quality to an entirely new level. Honda motor also tends to improve their service quality by using a learning management system (LMS) to schedule, administer and track training. The system was applied not only to instructor led offerings but also to pure online training, blended learning and other offerings. Using a customized LMS, Honda employees and their managers learned to define and manage individual training plans as well as enrol in, complete and track their progress courses and curricula through a learner specific Web portal. With LMS, Honda motor able to provide a better service to its customers and win a good reputation among its competitors. Chapter 4 Disposition of the Army Sun Zi said: In ancient times, those who were skilful in warfare ensured that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy. A good organization must always have a good advance mission and management control to enhance their company strength. Management must always have a well prepare for the organization future development and scoring in the good opportunity arrives thus, organization can make profit on it. Example: Honda Motors company developing abilities and human resource department in their organization which is to provide training to the employees to equip them with necessary skills. Hondas approach to personnel education is based on on-the-job training: building specialized skills and professional capabilities through direct experience. Honda has established on-the-job training programs for each job description, setting qualitative and quantitative targets for the knowledge and skills to be acquired. These programs provide with an opportunity for associates to acquire specialized skills and managerial capabilities while helping supervisors assess and foster the aptitude of the associates they manage. To supplement these on-the-job training programs, Honda also offers off-the-job training designed to provide associates an opportunity to enhance their careers by developing new specialized skills or management capabilities. To support associates who wish to take the initiative to le arn new skills, acquire knowledge, and cultivate themselves in order to fully realize their own potential, Honda offers opportunities for language learning, distance education, and inter-industry exchanges. With this training Honda can enhance their strength of company. Besides that, Sun zi also said that: The ability to prevent defeat depends on oneself, while the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy. The organization must always have a better control on their product pricing, police and place. Furthermore organizations leader also need set a good strategy and market research to take the advantage on the competitors weakness and negligence. Example: In car industry, Honda and Toyota is one of the large competitors of both. Honda and Toyota always have the price differentiate on their product. In 2002 Honda was produce a new model of car which is Honda Civic Dx sedan, the suggested retail price is $13,800 but in the same times Toyota Corolla CE sedan also goes for the market about $13,900. If a buyer they will looking for the product quality and these both cars would have almost same specification, besides that consumer also will compare this two car price. Now the Honda Civic is cheaper than Toyota Corolla. Thus, most of the consumer will make a decision on buying the Honda car. In the case Honda Company was make a good pricing control on their product, Honda was able take a good opportunity to making profit. Chapter 5 Forces According to the study of Sunzi Art of War in chapter 5, which discuss about forces that can be implementing by organizations to face its problem and challenges? Sun Zi said: To manage a large force is similar to managing a small force. So, it is a matter of organization and structure. So, the formations, communications and signals among whole Honda organizations around the world are important to face with challenges. Honda operates in the worldwide market with 134 production facilities in 28 countries and at 31 Research and Development facilities in 15 countries, about 167000 Honda employees and associates serve 23 million customers worldwide annually. So, it is not easy to manage such a large organization. In order to have a better management, Hondas global operations are divided into 6 administrative regions responsible for operating which are Japan, China, North American, Latin  American, Europe and the Middle Near East and  Africa, Asian and Oceania, while hiring and engagi ng the people and philanthropic initiatives locally in the communities that Honda operates. Honda is pushing the independence of their local management and sales operations, at the same time with integrating and forward-looking plan for each region. They operate under the conduct guidelines that help member companies and associates in evaluating and managing risks, complying with laws and regulations, keeping a high level of transparency in operational level, thats all to maximize the worldwide customer satisfaction. In the global business, many top managers still centralize their authority; make most of decisions of  the company. In contrast, Honda follows a different way; most of decisions are made by a group of  responsible persons, including Board of Director, outside directors, outside auditors. Honda decentralizes authority to their associates to maximize the flexibility and diversity in decision making process, and well adapt to the changes of global  market. Making group decision of responsible persons in Honda is extremely effective. The theoretical advantage of this strategy is improving innovation and reducing risk, biased thinking. In fact, this strategic leadership style leads Honda to today success. For instance, the organization of Board of Directors or Board of Auditors includes not only inside companys employees but also external appointees. This feature helps Honda to make the distinction  in global performing and competing. Outside company appointees play the role as su pervising the execution of each board. As the result, the performance of each board becomes effective and efficient rather than organization with entirely inside company employees. By this strategy organizing, the company can ensure that working environment will be fair and strong without dubious cooperation. Honda manages its employees through promoting programs, principles and policies in supporting its organizational human resources. So, when peoples needs are satisfied, they are well motivated, resulting in being eager to contribute more to organization. Honda satisfies not only low  needs (physics, safety, belongings) but also high needs of employees  (esteem and self actualization).  Therefore, Honda is  more effective than a  lot of other companies in motivating people, resulting in efficient,  effective performance of employees and firm as well. Chapter 8 Variations and adaptability Base on chapter 8, it is discussing about the variations and adaptability of a company. This concept is very important because variations and adaptability are the most valuable characteristic of a company. A company that focus on variations will continue to move forward, looking to the future, and know how to shift to fixed current situation successfully. With this characteristic, a company will able to improve their product and services, seeking new opportunities and bringing new things into the market that consumer really need. For example, the Japanese earthquake and tsunami that happen in the year 2011 has forced Honda to halve car production at its  British factory because of a shortage of parts from its homeland. Honda began to implement a strategy of temporary adjustments that reduce daily production levels at its U.S. and Canadian auto plants on March 30 2011 as a result of interruptions in parts supplies from Japan in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami. By taking this action, Honda of the UK Manufacturing (HUM) will be able to continue production by utilising HUMs flexible working policy. Pay is maintained for all associates. Once full production is resumed, the reduced volume production will be quickly recovered using the banked hours. Ken Keir, executive vice president of Honda Motor Europe, said: Weve taken the decision to reduce our production volumes at HUM as it enables us to continue with our manufacturing activities, thus minimising the impact on Honda customers, dealers and associ ates. As parts supply stabilises and full production resumes, Honda will quickly develop a production schedule to meet the needs of Hondas European customers, said todays statement. The other example are as Honda motor decision making is decentralized, this will facilitates rapid response to change in two or more environments. For instance, when some changes occur in American market, the local company freely makes decision in order to immediately adapt to the market. Instead of waiting the decision from Parents Company, it has authority to themselves decides, resulting in saving time, cost and reducing risk. Hence, Hondas associates more efficiently and effectively in exchange information  together. The third example is Honda introduced  Air Blade Scooter with functions like sport and fashion model which are more fuel-efficient engine technology in Vietnam on April 2007 to attract the youth in Vietnam because Honda Vietnam has recognise that younger people in Vietnams prefer nice and expensive scooter and fashion accessory. So, Honda Vietnams has come out with idea in producing Air Blade Scooter to fulfil the local demand and it has successfully sold 950000 units after introduce Air Blake Scooter. 4.) Recommendations Sun Zi said: If you can analyze your weaknesses or disadvantage, you can always use your strength to cover it and win in the business games. Analysis is very important to a company. A company will know their strength and weaknesses and opportunities about the new market. So, Honda motor should have the analysis and planning before they introduce a new product to the market. By do the survey and research, Honda can know the needs of the market and can improve the quality of product to make sure the product is fit with the needs of market. This will make the product more successful. As mentioned by Sun Zi, in strategic management, product must be differentiated from other similar products, or you will be spurned. Honda motor should introduce a new product that differentiated with other competitor such as Toyota and Nissan. Honda tends to come out with several ways in improving their weakness and exploit their strength in the market to gain profit and advantages over its competitor. Honda motor should focus on this new product, so when the products come out, it will be very strong compare with its competitors products. The proposal to produce this new product must be confidential; the other competitors must not know the plan of Honda motor. When Honda motor introduces the new product to the market, competitor will dont know how to defend, and the new product can be very successful. Besides that, Honda can become first mover to control the whole market situation and let the competitor to follow Honda motor. Employees are the most important sources of a company. So, Honda motor must have a good communication with the worker, try to understand their situation and satisfy their needs. Besides, Honda motor can provide some training to the employee, so that they can upgrade their skill and knowledge about the technologies. Thus, they can use their knowledge to develop new product and help Honda to gain more advantages. On the other hand, Honda motor also can provides motivation campaign for the employees; this can give the chances to let the manager to interact with employees and improve co-operative between them. Furthermore, the manager can become the role model to the employees; this can motivate the employees to be more productive. Honda motor can give the rewards to the employees that have the well performance. This can maintain the employees performance and increase their motivation. Beside, Honda also can gives the appreciate to all the workers so that the workers can know that their hard work are being appreciated and they will work more hard. This can help the company to run more smoothly. In addition, as mentioned by Sun Zi, The main purpose of the war is to win in the battle and not to prolong the battle. Same with the business, speed is one of the ways to reduce the organization operating cost. Most of the business is selling their SPEED concept for example INTEL, UPS and DHL. So, Honda should decrease the operating time because longer time taken to complete a product, more expenses is needed. When the time for operation is shorter, then productivity of organization is increase and improves their value in the market. Indirectly it will become more competitive advantage for the organization.

Choice of leadership styles

Choice of leadership styles In the process of certain incidents with in the group of people whether it formed temporarily or permanent which requires someone to lead or conduct the group of people in a way that drives towards right direction. For any organization it is difficult to run a business without a leader. It is alike driving a car without knowing the road. The person who is appointed or selected as a leader needs to have certain influential skills which cause the organization to follow. To be a leader the individual must be able to induce followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and motivations the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations of both leaders and followers (Burns, 1978). There are some differences and similarities between the companies followed leadership style. It depends on structure of a company, area of a business and other factors which would influence the leadership style of the organization. Managers need to have certain skills to run their business in any situation and need to reflect feedback gathered from other people, on their business process and sometimes they need to delegate someone to complete the specific task within a particular time frame and the outcome would show how successful and inspirational managers they are. 1. Identify factors in organisations that would influence choice of leadership styles and explain why leadership styles are likely to positively affect team building. Mainly there are four basic factors which influence leadership style in certain organization (US. Army, 1983), which are leader itself, follower, situation and communication. Leader: The knowledge, personality, beliefs, skills, ethics and values of the leaders (his/her) will affect the leadership style. The leader will reflect his or her personal characters on the process of strategy or way of doing. Followers: Any organization consists of numbers of followers with different backgrounds and personalities. Leaders should use the most appropriate strategy in a way that followers to respond their best and they need to know their people well. Situation: Leaders stay had to choose the strategy in many different situations. Every strategy does not work for every situation. The one strategy you used in one situation may not work for in other. Communication: The way of communication shows the relationship between the leader and an employee. The relationship between leader and an employee affect the leading style. Adams Equity Theory: According to this theory, when fair balance between employees inputs and outputs settled productivity of work is to improve with motivated employees. Employee Inputs include: Effort Loyalty Hard Work Commitment Skill Ability Adaptability Flexibility Tolerance Determination Enthusiasm Trust in superiors Support of colleagues Personal sacrifice, etc. Employee Outputs include: Financial rewards (salary, benefits, perks, etc.) Intangibles that typically include: Recognition Reputation Responsibility Sense of Achievement Praise Stimulus Sense of Advancement/Growth Job Security When employees think their inputs are more than their outputs, some employees are to work hard to bring the balance whereas some may feel de-motivated and could look for another alternative employment. Therefore manager needs to keep the balance of input and outputs as fair as possible. In the practical life these inputs and outputs of employees are balanced differently, based on organizational structures and its management style. There are five kinds of leadership styles can found in organization which are: Autocratic, Collaborative (Participatory), Democratic and Laissez-Faire. Autocratic leadership style: Manager has as much power of authority as possible and does not seek input from team. Employees are expected to do their work as whatever manager said. Also this type of leadership is likely to reduce motivation of employees. Collaborative (Participatory) Leadership style: This leadership style is the most effective one for team building. Every one from each department, appointed for certain task within the organization and encourages creativity, productivity and responsibility. Democratic Leadership Style: Managers inform their employees for everything and encourages employees to participate in a decision making process through gathering information, suggestions and ideas from members and employees. Laissez-Faire: Managers leave their employees free for decision making, determining goals and objective and all authority is given to employees. Among these leadership styles most appropriate one for to create effective team building is the collaborative leadership style. For instance, at STARBUCKS, the managers wanted to develop a deep relationship with their employees in order to achieve their trust from trust other employee carer UNIONS. Starbucks has increased the employees outputs to motivate their employees such as providing them opportunities to practice their skill, allow them to contribute to organization, improved the working condition, created a part of the organization environment and recognised employees achievement awards like; Warm Regards, MUG Award and Spirit of Starbucks Award. When employees achieved their task or exceeding the targets, they are to get motivated and rewarded when. 2. With reference to a relevant leadership model, explain how an organisations working practices could be improved, by collecting feedback from others. : Any organization is in battle to continuous improvement of its product and service. One of Japanese most famous management model is KAIZEN. Kaizen means on going improvement involving everyone, top managements, managers and workers. Kaizen refers to removal of 3MUs (Muda- waste, Muri-strain, Mura- discrepancy) and application of 5Ss (Seri- straighten up, Seiton- Put things in order, Seiso- clean up, Seiketsu- personal cleanliness, Shitsuke-discipline) at any level of the organization in order to improve the process of the organization continually. When any problem is seen in the organization, it demands some changes for improvement and as a matter of fact only the honest and realistic feedback would affect to bring sustainable growth and change in the organization. Gathering feedback from others is one of the most important techniques for both individual itself and for the company to improve its ongoing performance. The feedbacks can be gathered through different ways such as surveys, suggestion box, face to face conversation, telephone, online comments etc. The output of the company could be more effective, when managers reflect the gathered feedback information on their decision making process. Employees are one of the main factors for operating business and managers are able to know how employees think, feel and behave, through a relevant survey. The employee attitudes, opinions and suggestions in the survey would provide opportunity for managers to see the organization from different angle. The survey should aim to understand what makes their employees motivated or discouraged and what factors that can provide a job satisfaction or dissatisfaction, what do employees think about current situation of the company, what changes they want, then managers would be aware of the problem and they would be able to know what steps needs to be taken and which helps the company to operate in more productive and profitable ways. The most recent and effective appraisal, for individual and organization is the 360 degree feedback and which has widely implemented in numbers of organizations. 360 Degree or multi-rater feedback is a process which is a tool of individual or organizational self assessment through multi raters feedback and anybody who is related to individual or to the organization can be involved in the process such as managers, direct reports, clients, customers, suppliers etc. In this process you are not assessed by one person like only by your manager, you are also assessed and rated on your performance by other people who know about you and your work well. Your own completed assessment will be compared with others opinion and feedbacks and the result will be much more realistic and objective as assessment involved large number of raters than as involved only one rater. When this process implemented well and effectively, which will help the organization move towards bright and successful future. 3. Explain why it is so important to make effective and efficient use of your teams knowledge and skills while planning to achieve work objectives More or less someones help encourages an achievement of success for any reason. No one could be successful without receiving any help from others. Specially, a manager in any organization works with other people as a team for a certain goal and whose success can not be measured on its own, without his/her employees. There are numbers of tasks need to be completed by team members to reach the set objectives. However it does not mean that everyone can do whatever they want. As a manager it is important to use knowledge and skills of his/her employees, in effective and efficient way. Manager needs to consider and identify which employee is good at what and what skills of employee need to do what task, during the planning and task allocating process. When manager identifies the strength and weakness of the employees it will be easier for the manager to delegate the task. If managers delegate the tasks without having any idea of their employee skills and knowledge, a team can face quality and cost related problems and it could cause not to achieve the set objective on time. The outcomes are as written bellow when managers use skills and knowledge of their employee in a right way: Save time to accomplish a task on time A good quality of work Save cost and money Ready for next similar task, since manager knows who good at what 4. Identify and describe one barrier to delegation in the workplace and one mechanism to support delegation in the workplace Delegation is a part of a managers job and which gives responsibility, authority and accountability to employees and also gives opportunity to show their skills and talent to their managers. Some managers avoid delegating works because of mistrust and try to complete the whole work on his/her own. It brings workloads and stress to the manager and even can cause to failure of work. Therefore delegation of work is useful for manager him/herself, employees and for the company as a whole. However there are some advantages and disadvantages of delegation. Advantages of delegation: Efficient use of time and skills Provides professional growth opportunities Promotes teamwork Increase productivity Develop trust with your employees Save money Gives employees pride in their work and improve job satisfaction Disadvantages of delegation: Delegated work may not be done correctly Employees may focus more on their own work than delegated work Employees may not be sure who to consult because of unclear structure of authority The numbers of obstacle can appear in front of delegation though the barrier that seen most frequent is the own attitudes and traits of delegators or managers themselves. Delegation means allowing someone to do something through giving an authority to make their own decision to complete the certain task. The main barrier appears when the manager to decide whether to delegate or not and the reasons which influence managers to not to delegate are, having a mistrust with their employees and having a fear of loosing their authority to others. If manager do not trust his/her employees skills or having a fear of loosing his/her authority to someone, manager would prefer to do it on his/her own, rather than delegating to someone. Even though there are some factors which push managers to delegate the task to someone, which are; size of organization, more demanding tasks to complete, task complexity, qualities of subordinates and importance of the duties and decision. These supporting factors are more situational and the most influential one, which supports the delegation, is having workloads in a workplace. When managers have to complete massive works in a short time, they will prefer to delegate someone to complete the task behalf of them. Otherwise managers can not be complete their task on time and which could influence their work performance negatively. 5. Explain one technique that could be used to monitor the outcomes of delegation in the workplace A manager as a delegator needs to make sure that delegated tasks are being done correctly and effectively before its accomplishment. Every tasks need to be completed in a certain period of time and employees supposed to be aware of what work needs to be done, how it should be done, whom they are going to consult when problem appears and what outcomes do managers expect. If manager re-inform about deadlines and establish checkpoints and ask members if there is any problem or if they need any help to support them for finishing the relevant tasks which would help managers to get successful outcomes from their staffs. However the one thing that managers always need to remember is not to interfere too much to their employees work where you delegated. Because, it could influence employees decision, to accomplish the task on their own way and which can not be effective when something has done under someones pressure. Conclusion: The numbers of organizations are being established day by day and they would choose their own management style adapting to their business situation. There is no such leadership style, which is always successful and its effectiveness would depends on what organizational culture they have and what type of business they run. Managers need to have certain influential leadership skills which are to accomplish the certain task successfully through making their employees motivated. On the other hand, managers decision will not be right all the time, sometimes they need to listen to other peoples opinion, suggestion and ideas and should reflect those things on their decision making process to reach a successful outcomes.