Decision-making processes within private limited companies in England Essay

Decision-making processes within private limited companies in England and Wales - Essay Example According to Section 14 of the companies Act 1985, the registered memorandum of association and articles of association bind members and the company and are assumed to have been signed and sealed by each member thus all members must observe the provisions of the covenant (Grier, Griffin and Capper, 1998). In the case of Wood v. Odessa Waterworks (1889), the judge clarified that the articles of association not only constitute a contract between the shareholders and the company but also a contract between each individual shareholders (Bretagne, 2005). Companies Act 2006 made significant changes to the old Companies Act 1985 especially on the proceedings and governance of Private limited companies. Table A of the Companies Act 1985 was replaced with Model Articles of Association for the private limited companies and public limited companies that are contained in Companies Act 2006 (Griffin, 2006). The model articles took effect on 1 October 2009 thus making it possible to take advantage of benefits offered by Companies Act 2006. For instance, private limited companies incorporated before 1 October 2009 can continue with their previous articles of association or amend the articles in order to exclude the requirement of having to hold annual general meetings and employing a company secretary (Birds, 2010). Another significant change brought about in the decision-making of private limited companies in England and Wales is the removal of the previous statutory ‘cap’ on the authorized share capital (Lacy, 2002). ... e sets of model articles for public and private companies limited by shares and set model articles for the companies limited by guarantee (Clayton, 2008). The private limited companies are no longer required to have a company secretary. However, the companies can decide to appoint a secretary and his authority should be equivalent to that of a secretary of a public limited company (Hannigan, 2012). Such appointment must be notified to registrar of companies and records filed in the company’s register of secretaries. According to the previous law that was in force recently, Company Act 1985 required the directors to appoint the secretary, determine the remuneration and remove the secretary from office (Davies, 2010). The current law has simplified the decision-making process through removing the previous statutory requirement of holding an annual general meeting (Kershaw, 2012). The current law makes it possible to make decisions through written resolutions. In the previous 198 5 Act, private limited companies were required to hold annual general meetings (AGMs), but the current law gives the members the flexibility to determine whether to hold AGMs or or make critical decisions through written resolutions (Grier, 2009). However, members that hold 10 percent of the voting rights can go ahead and request for an annual general meeting (AGM). Under the previous law, the written resolutions required unanimous consent of all members unlike the current law provides that normal rule for ordinary and special resolutions will apply to written resolutions and a simple or 75 percent majority will be sufficient to pass the written resolutions. Part 13 of Resolutions and Meetings in companies Act 2006 sets a statutory minimum period of notice of general meetings to 14 days, but

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism Essay

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism - Essay Example 39). When it comes to resource usage, international tourism puts pressure on the available natural resources due to increased consumption. Water is one of the resources that is overused for swimming pools, hotels and golf courses among other uses. Secondly, resource usage creates pressure on the local resources such as food, energy and raw materials. Finally, international tourism may lead to land degradation, where the need for recreational and tourism facilities has put pressure on forests, minerals, wetlands and wildlife (Sunlu, 2003 p. 264). The second aspect is pollution, and the main forms of pollution include air pollution, solid waste discharge and sewage pollution. Just as there are varied impacts of international tourism on the environment, so are the solutions. Some of the key strategies that can be used are discussed. First, many have called for the development of Environmental Education, which aims at making the local populations aware and conscious of their environment (Skanavis & Sakellari, 2011 p. 241). Such programs target the tourists and teach them on how best to enjoy their holidays/vacations without causing significant damage to the environment. This appears to be the most effective way since it places the idea of environmental conservation in the hands of the locals and the tourists themselves who are the major stakeholders in this industry. Secondly, there is need for governments and local authorities to put measures in place that will promote responsible and sustainable forms of tourism (Borelli & Brogna, 2000 p. 8). Through this approach, the government can regulate the types of tourist activities that take place in the country . This will also control the materials/products brought into the country by the tourists which could harm the environment. Since this is a legislative approach, there is the likelihood that political interference might derail the formulation of necessary laws. If such legislation or

Approaches to the 'city' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Approaches to the 'city' - Essay Example In one of the poems, cities are described as man’s tight hold on nature. The attitude of the poets reveals that in the eyes of architectural philosophers such as Constant Nieuwenhuys and Le Corbusier cities are a nuisance. To the above men, architecture has lost its way due to the confusion and the lack of uniformity, which has become the hallmark of modern cities. In Constant Nieuwenhuys and Le Corbusier’s theories, there is a relentless quest for cities to regain their lost glory, which to them can only be achieved by enhancing uniformity. The modern day cities are problematic which may be attributable to the state or architecture. Looking back, architecture has given us beautiful buildings such the Westminster Abbey and the tower of Piazza. In addition, architecture has also created beautiful cities such as Venice, Nancy and old Paris. However, it is vital to consider the contextual challenges that architecture is encountering if at all solutions will be coined for the appalling conditions of the modern cities. To begin with, it is vital to pose certain critical queries, which should provide guidance going forwards. Is it practical or realistic for modern architecture to hold on to the ideals that have guided architects in the past? Are the ideals of past architecture relevant in the present day? And if so, which ideals should we embrace? In the past, the most dominant values were simplicity and uniformity (Le Corbusier 1976, 32). One of the dominant characters of cities is the disparity in the individual cells or ho use units, which form the city. Individualism should take an equal share of the blame for the present state of the cities. According to Le Corbusier, there is need to establish certain standards which will guide construction. The emergence of discipline, astuteness and concord are the only factors, which can help the modern city rediscover uniformity, which exemplified past

Paintings are a reflection of religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paintings are a reflection of religion - Essay Example The essay "Paintings are a reflection of religion" discusses the ways several arts works, particularly paintings, have reflected religion or religious situations.Artistic creations, particularly through paintings, are therefore significant for scholars of diverse endeavors. In the study of expressive symbolism the humanist and the social scientist find common ground. According to Trotter â€Å"the themes of religion have provided the content of painting in the West. In gallery after gallery, the great themes of religion are the subject matter of the paintings. The Louvre in Paris, the Prado in Madrid, and even the Hermitage in Leningrad, display countless paintings of the Annunciation or the Crucifixion or the Resurrection.† In this regard, this essay aims to proffer the ways several arts works, particularly paintings, have reflected religion or religious situations. The discourse would present a comparison of how the works selected were different or similar in some elements t hrough concrete examples. The first inquiry is the rationale for painting religious themes. According to Trotter (1987), â€Å"in great periods of painting, such as the Renaissance in Europe, the wealthy who could afford to hire artists often subsidized major religious works as appropriate to the scale of their own palaces and as gifts to religious institutions† (par. 2). This is the reason why Leonardo da Vinci painted â€Å"The Last Supper† in 1498. Esaak (2010) averred that â€Å"his employer requested him to do so. Leonardo worked for Ludovico Sforza.

Design of Stormwater Drainage System Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design of Stormwater Drainage System - Term Paper Example In line with this, the engineers performing such work are expected ethically to perform the work through high standards of honesty and integrity given that the profession has the necessary impact on the quality of life of the people. Secondly, the services provided in the design of the stormwater drainage/storage system require the highest degrees of honesty, impartiality, fairness and equity. Above all, the project must be dedicated towards the protection of the health of the public, as well as their safety and welfare. Hence, under the standards of professional behavior, the design engineers must exhibit the highest principles of ethical conduct (Dym & Little, 2000). Morality on the other hand requires adherence towards the laws that governs the design and construction of the stormwater storage systems. This requires that all the stakeholders of the project right from the engineers, the workers and the community abide by the law guiding the same (Whitbeck, 1998). This law in most cases is guided by the natural flow rule, which requires acceptance for the benefit of all by the parties affected incase of this project. Ethics in the handling of the design of the stormwater storage system requires that a high degree of ethics be upheld. This is due to the sensitivity of water as a resource and the ethics is concerning creation of safety most so to the users of this resource. One of the interests comes with the interests of the interested parties like the political class who shelve individual interests. This may compromise the quality of the storage systems since the engineers may be compromised if not for anything then due to intimidation (Schrier & Gibson, 2011). The fact that the storage system designed is likely to serve a wider region also presents a dilemma. The planners may be overwhelmed about the control of the resource in terms of who is bestowed the control. Is it the government or

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Management accounting - Essay Example A purchase of Raw Material Stocks equaling 36,000 must have been made. The issue that caused this was probably due to decreased efficiency in using materials. When Raw Materials must be purchased beyond what is budgeted this means there is an unfavorable variance of 36,000. In order to correct this issue the company must come up with a standard of how much Raw Material stocks to use and then if costs allow, use a supervisor to ensure this standard is upheld. We can assume based on these numbers that the company added more debt from creditors of about 36,000 since inventory had been bought through creditors the balance increased by the amount of increase in the Raw Material Stock balance. Therefore since the ending balance of creditors was less than the beginning we can see that the company must have paid off creditors in excess of the added debt. That excess is equal to the beginning balance of 66,000 plus added debt of 26,000 minus the ending actual balance of 51,000, which means the company paid toward what was owed creditors, which was 51,000. The issue that may have occurred is that current debts might have become due and therefore these debts had to be satisfied. Thus payment was made to the creditor decreasing working capital. In order to prevent this from happening again debt should be kept to a low amount, paid in a timely manner and cash should be kept in order to satisfy debt. Due to the fact that the company paid creditors 51,000, that amount must come out of the Bank balance since there is no cash on hand. The beginning balance was only 4,500 and the ending balance was negative 39,000 therefore the company must have added 7,500 to the bank account. Where did that 7,500 come from? The issue is that there is an overdraft of the bank account. This has happened due to the purchases of Raw Material Stocks

Against Same Sex Marriage Essay Example for Free

Against Same Sex Marriage Essay The legalization of the marriage between same sex couples will permanently change the rite of marriage in our society. The legalization of homosexual marriage will quickly destroy the traditional family. Marriage is the institution that forms and upholds for society, the cultural and social values and symbol related to procreation. That is, it establishes the values that govern the transmission of human life to the next generation and the nurturing of that life in the basic societal unit, the family. Through marriage our society works out the relationship of two people who will together create and nurture a new generation. To change the definition of marriage to include same sex marriage couples would destroy its capacity to function in many ways. It could no longer represent procreative relationships of opposite sex marriages.Reproduction is the fundamental occurrence on which the future of life depends. It is the primary reason why marriage is so important to society. In same sex marriages procreation would be eliminated entirely. First, when the state sanctions homosexual relationships and gives them its blessing, the younger generation becomes confused about sexual identity and quickly loses its understanding of lifelong commitments, emotional bonding, sexual purity, the role of children in a family, and from spiritual prospective, the sanctity of marriage. Marriage is reduced to a partnership that provides attractive benefits and sexual convenience. Cohabitation and short term relationships are the inevitable result. Second, the introduction of legalized gay marriages will lead to polygamy and other alternatives to the one man, on woman unions. Why will gay marriage set the table for polygamy? Because there is no place to stop once the line has been crossed. Historically, the definition of marriage has rested on a foundation of tradition, legal precedent, theology, and the overwhelming support of the people. After the introduction of marriage between homosexuals it will be supported by nothing more substantiated than the opinion of a single judge or by a black-robed panel of justices (Marriage under Fire). After their decision, the family will consist of little more than someones interpretation of rights. Given that unstable legal judgment, it is certain some self-possessed judge, somewhere, will soon rule that three men or three women can marry. How about group marriage or marriage between cousins, or marriage between parent and child? How about marriage between a man and his animal? Anything allegedly linked to civil rights will be doable. The legal underpinnings for marriage will have been destroyed. These other couples restricted from marrying are not equivalent to homosexual couples, but are necessary to illustrate that marriage is heavily regulated, and for good reason. When a state recognizes a marriage, it bestows upon the couple certain benefits which are costly to both the state and other individuals. Collecting a deceased spouses social security, claiming an extra tax exemption for a spouse, and having the right to be covered under a spouses health insurance policy are just a few examples of its costly benefits associated with marriage. In a sense, a married couple receives a subsidy. A marriage between two unrelated heterosexuals is likely to result in a family with children. For this reason, states have, in varying degrees, restricted from marriage, couples unlikely to produce children. One may argue that lesbians are capable of procreating via artificial insemination, so the state does have an interest in recognizing lesbian marriages, but a lesbians sexual relationship, committed or not, has no bearing on her ability to reproduce (Single Parent: What Helps, What Hurts). However, there is ample evidence that children need both female and male parent for proper development. It is essential for a child to be nurtured by parents of both sexes if a child is to learn to function in a society made up of both sexes (Life without Father). With the legalization of homosexual marriage, every public school in the nation will be required to teach that this lifestyle is the moral equivalent of traditional marriage between a woman and a man. Textbooks, even in conservative states, will have to depict man/man and woman/woman relationships and stories written for children as young as elementary or even kindergarten, will have to give equal space to homosexuals. Every public school will also be forced to teach that same sex marriage and homosexuality are perfectly normal. They will teach little boys  and little girls that husband and wife and father and moother are merely optional for a family and therfore, meaningless (No Gay Marriage). Same sex families deny children either a mother or father. In certain cases, the same sex family is not driven by the needs of children, but rather by the radical wishes of a small group of adults. Thousands of published social science, psychological and medical studies show that children living in fatherless families, on average, suffer dramatically in every measure of well-being. These children suffer from higher levels of loneliness, physical or mental illness, behavior problems, educa tional failure or criminal troubles. The third reason marriage between homosexuals will destroy traditional marriage is that this is the ultimate goal of activists, and they will not stop until they achieve it. Homosexual activists, with their inner power and exhilaration, feel the political climate is right to tell us what they have wanted all along. Gay marriages are likely to do for gay rights what the rallying cry of abortion on demand did for the Equal Rights Amendment and the womens movement. It diverts the real debate on every level. It reduces the cause of gay rights to a single issue. But the real deal is most gays and lesbians do not want to marry each other. They do not want to entangle themselves in all sorts of legal constraints (Single Parent What Helps, What Hurts). In a perfect democratic world, gay marriage would be an option for those who want it. However, this world is not a perfect democracy, and the fight for gay marriage is the wrong fight at the wrong time (Focus on Family). In conclusion, the reason for excluding same sex couples from marriage matters: If the reason for denying homosexual marriage is that we have no respect for same sex couples and their relationships and want to give the message that homosexuality is wrong, then that is discrimination and that is wrong. On the other hand, if the reason is to keep the very nature, essence and substance of marriage intact, and the essence is to protect the procreative relationship, then excluding same sex couples from marriage is ethically acceptable. This such refusal is not discrimination. Ethics requires us to take the least invasive, least restrictive alternative, reasonably available and likely to be effective in achieving a justified  goal. Maintaining a traditional marriage and legally recognizing same sex partnerships fulfills that ethical requirement (Why Marriage Matters). Gay and lesbian people have a right to form meaningful relationships. They do not have a right to redefine marriage for all of us. What will happen to society if marriage becomes anything or everything or nothing? The short answer is that the state will lose its compelling interest in marital relationships altogether. After marriage has been redefined, divorces will be obtained instantly, will not involve a court, and will take on the status of a drivers license or hunting permit. With the family out of the way, all rights and privileges of marriage will accrue to gay and lesbian partners without the legal entanglements and commitments associated with it. These are a few reasons why I am against homosexual marriage. Legalizing it will change everything, especially the institution of the family. Every society needs natural marriage- as many men as possible each finding a woman, caring for and committing himself exclusively to her- working together to create and raise the next generation.